Recently, a joint research team composed of scientists from the University of Michigan in the United States and Sun Yat-sen University in Guangdong, China, injected mosquitoes with a bacteria to form a stable symbiotic relationship with the mosquitoes. Ability, and this immune ability can be passed on to future generations. In theory, this will lead to fewer and fewer mosquitoes carrying malaria parasites, which will help to contain malaria fundamentally.
The new research was led by Xi Zhiyong, Sun Yat-sen University-University of Michigan Biological Control Tropical Disease Joint Center. They infected the Anopheles stephensi (Malaria carriers in the Middle East and South Asia) with Wolbachia bacteria, and female Anopheles carrying the bacteria would mate with uninfected male Anopheles to produce an infection Offspring, and then pass the infection on to their offspring. This will take eight generations, and the anti-malarial bacteria will quickly spread in the mosquito swarm. Related papers were published in today's "Science" magazine.
In previous studies, Wolbachia has been used to stop mosquitoes from transmitting other pathogens to humans. For example, an inheritable infection has been created in the Aedes aegypti mosquito to stop their transmission of the dengue virus. However, it is very difficult to control the mosquitoes that carry malaria parasites in the entire Anopheles genus, and the environment that Anopheles likes is difficult to imitate in the laboratory.
The new study matches an Anopheles mosquito that survives best in a laboratory environment, Anopheles stephensi, with a known Wolbachia bacterium that can infect Aedes mosquitoes. Hundred mosquito embryos were injected with bacteria, and then found that a female mosquito survived the infection and could continue to breed the next generation in the laboratory.
The researchers found that mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia were resistant to Plasmodium falciparum. They fed the two mosquitoes with blood from mice infected with Plasmodium and found that the number of malaria parasites in the salivary glands of mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia was 3.4 times lower than that of uninfected mosquitoes. "This is equivalent to vaccinating a mosquito with a vaccine," Xi Zhiyong said. "Although mosquitoes will still exist in the future, they may lose the ability to transmit malaria."
Combining these findings, those mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia in the wild can resist malaria infections and have the ability to replace the natural mosquito population that carries Plasmodium. Eventually, it may stop mosquitoes from spreading malaria to humans.
But it is not clear how Wolbachia squeezes out other pathogens. The researchers found that tissues infected with Wolbachia's mosquitoes contained more reactive oxygen species than uninfected ones, and this would contain pathogens like Plasmodium falciparum. Therefore, they speculated that the bacteria may have activated the mosquito's immune response to create a toxic environment for plasmodium inside the mosquito.
This method of stably infecting mosquitoes offers hope for curbing the spread of malaria. At present, Xi Zhiyong and colleagues are conducting field trials in places where malaria is rampant.
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