Some readers asked: I have collected dozens of Ming and Qing furniture, and found that some furniture has different widths and white sides on the surface and back and legs. Some people think that white edges are common in Ming and Qing furniture. ? Does the Ming and Qing furniture allow white edges?
A: First of all, answer two conceptual questions, namely, “Ming and Qing Furniture†and “White Edgeâ€.
First, "Ming and Qing furniture" should be divided into three concepts:
1. In terms of time, the furniture produced in the Ming and Qing dynasties were called “Ming and Qing furnitureâ€, and there was no difference between good and bad;
2. In terms of quality, it is the excellent furniture produced by the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty. It is generally a furniture with beautiful materials and beautiful shapes.
3. From the "style" point of view, the style, clear style of furniture regardless of the age of the times, the furniture is old and new.
Second, "white side." White side is also commonly known, and some people call it "two 膘" or "膘皮", which is called "sapwood" by wood.
The sapwood is popularly referred to as the middle wood part of the heartwood and bark of the log. The color is generally lighter than the heartwood, and the specific gravity is smaller than the heartwood. However, there are also some kinds of tree species that have no color difference, such as Hainan Dalbergia, Birch, Poplar, Maple, etc. produced in Hainan Island. The color of most hardwood sapwood and heartwood is distinct, such as sandalwood rosewood, scented rosewood (huanghuali), Sian rosewood (old mahogany), large fruit rosewood (Burma rosewood) and so on.
Professor Yin Sici believes: "At any height of the mature trunk, the resulting xylem is mechanically supported on the one hand for the first few years. On the Other hand, it also participates in the grooming and storage of nutrients. Usually, the color of this part of the wood is shallow. The edge of the cross section of the trunk is close to the side of the bark, so it is called the sapwood. The parenchyma cells in the sapwood are living, that is, living. After a period of time, the living cells of the sapwood begin to change, within the cell. The protoplasm gradually disappears and loses its vitality, and it constitutes a deeper heartwood. At the same time, the new xylem containing the living parenchyma cells is replaced by a new xylem that forms a layer of living cells and becomes a new sapwood." Wood Science, p. 23, China Forestry Press. This is a scientific and accurate description of the formation and characteristics of sapwood and heartwood.
The wood used in Ming and Qing furniture is usually referred to as the heartwood, and the heartwood is formed by the continuous transformation of the sapwood. Because the tree species and the growing environment are different, the speed of the transformation process is inconsistent. The fast-growing tree species such as poplar, metasequoia, willow, wetland pine and eucalyptus have their sapwoods converted to heartwood at a faster rate, while sandalwood rosewood The process of converting the sapwood of sassafras, boxwood, ironwood and rosewood into heartwood is extremely slow, such as "the sandalwood rosewood cultivated in the tropical arboretum has a tree height of 16m and a breast diameter of 15.9cm" (Edited by Zhou Tiejun) China's tropical main economic tree cultivation techniques, p. 208). Various wood extracts, such as resins, pigments, tannins, starches and invaders, are formed during the conversion process... they deepen the color of the heartwood. However, it is inevitable that the sapwood is converted into a heartwood, but not the color of the heartwood of all tree species must be deepened, such as poplar, cedar, birch, maple, etc. The main reason is that the wood extract formed by these species can be colorless or The color is very light.
In addition, the red sandalwood, huanghuali, rosewood, iron, and golden nanmu furniture in Ming and Qing furniture have not been scattered yet. The important reason is that the wood used, that is, the heartwood has natural anti-corrosion and moisture resistance. In the same tree species, the durability of the heartwood is generally higher than that of the sapwood. The sapwood lacks sufficient extract or toxicity to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, so it is easy to cause biodegradation and corrosion. Heartwood naturally has a variety of toxic extracts, such as essential oils, tannins and phenolic substances. When these substances are concentrated to a certain amount, they can effectively prevent the destruction of destructive organisms. In addition, if the wood of some tree species loses its own volatile components for various reasons, it is easy to promote the spread of fungi and reduce durability. These reasons can explain why the sapwood is perishable and easy to attract the root cause of insect eclipse, and also makes us understand why Ming and Qing furniture can not use sapwood, that is, "white edge".
In addition, in the hardwood used in Ming and Qing furniture, the color difference between the general sapwood and the heartwood is obvious, forcing some people to use chemical agents or colored wax (shoe polish) to change the color of the sapwood, which is for the environment, the human body and The furniture itself is very harmful and cannot force the pests to deter. The hardness of the heartwood and the sapwood are also inconsistent, and even the sapwood cannot be used on the reverse or inside of the furniture. Therefore, the former Ministry of Light Industry stipulated that the use of sapwood in solid wood furniture is not scientifically justified, let alone the Ming and Qing furniture used for collection and appreciation.
A: First of all, answer two conceptual questions, namely, “Ming and Qing Furniture†and “White Edgeâ€.
First, "Ming and Qing furniture" should be divided into three concepts:
1. In terms of time, the furniture produced in the Ming and Qing dynasties were called “Ming and Qing furnitureâ€, and there was no difference between good and bad;
2. In terms of quality, it is the excellent furniture produced by the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty. It is generally a furniture with beautiful materials and beautiful shapes.
3. From the "style" point of view, the style, clear style of furniture regardless of the age of the times, the furniture is old and new.
Second, "white side." White side is also commonly known, and some people call it "two 膘" or "膘皮", which is called "sapwood" by wood.
The sapwood is popularly referred to as the middle wood part of the heartwood and bark of the log. The color is generally lighter than the heartwood, and the specific gravity is smaller than the heartwood. However, there are also some kinds of tree species that have no color difference, such as Hainan Dalbergia, Birch, Poplar, Maple, etc. produced in Hainan Island. The color of most hardwood sapwood and heartwood is distinct, such as sandalwood rosewood, scented rosewood (huanghuali), Sian rosewood (old mahogany), large fruit rosewood (Burma rosewood) and so on.
Professor Yin Sici believes: "At any height of the mature trunk, the resulting xylem is mechanically supported on the one hand for the first few years. On the Other hand, it also participates in the grooming and storage of nutrients. Usually, the color of this part of the wood is shallow. The edge of the cross section of the trunk is close to the side of the bark, so it is called the sapwood. The parenchyma cells in the sapwood are living, that is, living. After a period of time, the living cells of the sapwood begin to change, within the cell. The protoplasm gradually disappears and loses its vitality, and it constitutes a deeper heartwood. At the same time, the new xylem containing the living parenchyma cells is replaced by a new xylem that forms a layer of living cells and becomes a new sapwood." Wood Science, p. 23, China Forestry Press. This is a scientific and accurate description of the formation and characteristics of sapwood and heartwood.
The wood used in Ming and Qing furniture is usually referred to as the heartwood, and the heartwood is formed by the continuous transformation of the sapwood. Because the tree species and the growing environment are different, the speed of the transformation process is inconsistent. The fast-growing tree species such as poplar, metasequoia, willow, wetland pine and eucalyptus have their sapwoods converted to heartwood at a faster rate, while sandalwood rosewood The process of converting the sapwood of sassafras, boxwood, ironwood and rosewood into heartwood is extremely slow, such as "the sandalwood rosewood cultivated in the tropical arboretum has a tree height of 16m and a breast diameter of 15.9cm" (Edited by Zhou Tiejun) China's tropical main economic tree cultivation techniques, p. 208). Various wood extracts, such as resins, pigments, tannins, starches and invaders, are formed during the conversion process... they deepen the color of the heartwood. However, it is inevitable that the sapwood is converted into a heartwood, but not the color of the heartwood of all tree species must be deepened, such as poplar, cedar, birch, maple, etc. The main reason is that the wood extract formed by these species can be colorless or The color is very light.
In addition, the red sandalwood, huanghuali, rosewood, iron, and golden nanmu furniture in Ming and Qing furniture have not been scattered yet. The important reason is that the wood used, that is, the heartwood has natural anti-corrosion and moisture resistance. In the same tree species, the durability of the heartwood is generally higher than that of the sapwood. The sapwood lacks sufficient extract or toxicity to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, so it is easy to cause biodegradation and corrosion. Heartwood naturally has a variety of toxic extracts, such as essential oils, tannins and phenolic substances. When these substances are concentrated to a certain amount, they can effectively prevent the destruction of destructive organisms. In addition, if the wood of some tree species loses its own volatile components for various reasons, it is easy to promote the spread of fungi and reduce durability. These reasons can explain why the sapwood is perishable and easy to attract the root cause of insect eclipse, and also makes us understand why Ming and Qing furniture can not use sapwood, that is, "white edge".
In addition, in the hardwood used in Ming and Qing furniture, the color difference between the general sapwood and the heartwood is obvious, forcing some people to use chemical agents or colored wax (shoe polish) to change the color of the sapwood, which is for the environment, the human body and The furniture itself is very harmful and cannot force the pests to deter. The hardness of the heartwood and the sapwood are also inconsistent, and even the sapwood cannot be used on the reverse or inside of the furniture. Therefore, the former Ministry of Light Industry stipulated that the use of sapwood in solid wood furniture is not scientifically justified, let alone the Ming and Qing furniture used for collection and appreciation.
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