One, full preparation before departure
Expeditions are always associated with danger, but careful planning and meticulous preparation will minimize the risk. This is also the confidence of the explorer in survival.
1. The choice of adventure season
China's deserts are mostly distributed in the northwestern region, belonging to the dry climate zone. The temperature difference between day and night is large, the summer is very hot, the temperature is as high as 50-60 degrees Celsius, the winter is cold, the temperature is as low as minus 20-30 degrees Celsius, and the rainfall is very small. Most regions are full year-round. Precipitation is less than 250 millimeters; winds are large and large, especially in the area of ​​wind outlets. When the gusty winds arrive, the sand flies away. The deserts from Inner Mongolia to Xinjiang have seasonal strong winds in April each year, often forming sand streams. Given these climatic features, the choice of adventure travel season should try to avoid the hot summer and wind seasons, usually between September and March.
2. Develop routes and tactics
When formulating adventure routes and tactics, we must first respect objective facts and formulate expeditions that we can afford to ensure that our lives are safe.
Full self-service desert adventure
The principle of formulating this type of expedition is to rely solely on one's own strength or collective collaboration in a limited exploration of the desert. For example, during the winter adventure in the Taklimakan Desert, the average temperature during the day is about minus 10 degrees. Generally, the adventurer can not carry any equipment, food, or water in the desert for more than 7 days. The march distance is about 100 kilometers. Since this is a self-help, no-rescue desert adventure, the explorers must carry all the equipment and supplies when they set off. The first day is to walk under high-load conditions, which poses a severe test for the explorer's physical stamina and perseverance. You can reserve part of the food at the campsite as a supplement on the return trip.
Collaborative Desert Adventure
Collaborative adventure can be divided into non-back-up and back-up. The no-back-up type means that after entering the desert, it lost all manpower and material support from the rear. It was only under the cooperation of the camel team that the sands were deep, and most expeditions used this method. But this kind of adventure is also limited, because the weight of the camel in the desert can not exceed 200 kg. In winter, the camel also needs to drink once every 7 to 10 days, and the amount of drinking water is also about 100 kg, so the general number of days of exploration Should be controlled within 10 days, the journey within 100 to 200 km. A back-up desert adventure is suitable for long-distance desert crossings. It belongs to the “Big Brigade Cooperative Operation†and it is costly. For example, in the early 1990s, the Sino-Japanese and Sino-British Joint Expeditions crossed the Taklimakan Desert twice. The small-scale cross-teams cooperated with the camel team and traveled east and west 100 kilometers along the southern edge of the Taklamakan desert. Several support teams used the Baifeng camels to set off from the national road in the southern desert of the desert. Every 150 kilometers traveled 100 kilometers into the desert. Place supplies.
Second, the progress of the sand sea
1. Correctly judge the direction of walking in the vast desert, because the vision is open, it is difficult to find a directional reference, coupled with rolling dunes, tall sand mountains and depressions, people generally can not go straight, so the right in the desert march Judgment direction is a prerequisite for desert exploration.
Use the instrument to determine the direction
Using compasses and icons to set the direction is a common method used in early desert adventures. This method must first know where it is located. The base location icon sets the location and azimuth of the target area, and then travels according to the azimuth indicated by the compass. Since it is impossible to march along a straight line in the desert, it is necessary to continuously correct the position when using this method, otherwise it is difficult to reach the intended target. In long-distance desert expeditions and crossings, it is very difficult to arrive at the destination accurately or to find pre-cast supplies in the sand. In the late 1980s, the popularity of personal satellite navigation systems (GPS) among civilians reduced the possibility of lost people in the desert to a minimum. At present, almost all desert expeditions use GPS navigation.
Using natural features to determine direction
(1) Azimuthing with Polaris The Polaris is a brighter star in the sky of the True North. It found the North Star at night and found the north. Polaris is a star of the constellation Ursa Major, Ursa Major (mainly the Big Dipper) and the Celestial Constellation are on both sides of Polaris. Our country is located in the northern hemisphere and can see Polaris all night and night.
(2) Using the direction of the sun to determine the direction of the sun is the most reliable "pointer." The sun moves from east to west while the shadow moves from west to east. For example, in the desert in the west of China, in the morning, the sun rises from the east, and the shadows of all objects fall to the west. At noon, the sun is located in the south, and the shadows point to the north. In the afternoon, the sun goes to the west and the shadow points to the east. Uighur camels that have lived for generations around the Taklamakan desert are walking in the desert in this way and will never lose their way. Of course, there are some more accurate ways to determine the direction, such as "immediately seen" method, watch determination method, etc. are very useful in desert exploration (this method can be found in "Outdoor Adventure" 2002 10 P.65).
(3) Judging the orientation of sand dunes The wind is an important factor in shaping the desert terrain. In northwestern China, due to the prevalence of northwesterly winds, sand dunes usually form a southeast trend. The northwest side of the dune is windward, with a small slope and hard sand. Southeast leeward, large slope, soft sand. In addition, plants in the desert, such as Tamarix, Haloxylon ammodendron, and camel spines, are tilted to the southeast. However, it is still necessary to explain here that the above is the general characteristics of the desert area, the wind direction is also different for different regions, and the direction of the sand dunes is also different. To obtain correct judgments, the meteorology and topography of the target area must be known in advance.
2. Learn to walk in the desert
Choose a pair of suitable shoes
If you want to walk comfortably in the desert, you have to prepare a pair of suitable shoes. The soles are too soft. Walking in the desert is very uncomfortable. If you take a long time, your feet will be uncomfortable. Sand traps (snow traps) are indispensable. Once the sand is in the shoes, the feet will be worn in a moment.
Learn to walk with double rods
Weight-bearing marching in the desert, up and down the soft sand dunes, poses a lot of pressure on the knees, it is easy to cause damage. Walking with a double stick can relieve knee pressure and save a lot of energy.
Don't be afraid to take a detour
The endless sand sea is not a flat river. In the desert, you will encounter many large sand dunes or sand mountains. Be sure to go around and avoid steep slopes. To avoid the soft sand on the lee side, try to walk on the windward side and the sandy ridge. Because the windward side is affected by wind erosion, it is pressed very hard and hard. It is easy to walk on it, and it is also effortless; and the lee side is mainly The aeolian formation is relatively loose. Walking on the top, it is deeper and consumes more energy. If you have a camel team, stamping on the hoof's hoof can save a lot of energy. In desert adventures, people who lead the way in front of them are very important. They must be able to find a good way to go and use a slow, hourly rest for 10 minutes. The average team does not walk more than 20 kilometers in a straight line.
Stay out of the night to avoid high temperatures
Under direct sunlight, even if it is not moving, the consumed water is three times the shadow. In the Taklimakan Desert in Xinjiang, in the hottest seasons, if you do not bring water, rest in shady places, you can survive for about 3 days. If you walk in the sun during the day, you can only survive 1 to 2 days. In special circumstances, we must also learn the "Night Walking" method. In addition, in the heat, water shortage, thirst, anxiety, do not be confused by the illusion of the mirage.
3. Desert Camping Camping in the desert is different from camping in other areas. There are usually two things to note: First, the camp must be chosen where it is sheltered from the wind, and it is also necessary to prevent the burial of quicksand. Such places are often on the plains in the sand dunes; the second is that the camps must not be placed in the willows, poplars, etc. Near the plants, because of the presence of plants, there are often parasitic insects. For example, in the Taklamakan Desert, there is a "Tariqa", usually living under the branches of Tamarix and Populus, which carry a virus. Once a person is bitten, it often causes a fatal disease (Talimu haemorrhagic fever) and dies within ten hours.
In the winter, there will be no strong winds and no biting insects. The choice of camping sites is also relatively arbitrary. The winter nights are very cold, that is, the use of double tents, thick frost will also be deposited inside the account. In the desert, there are many dead trees. In the coldest season, you can create your own “fire bowl†by yourself, that is, digging a place, burning fire on it, and then burying it in the sand and sleeping on hot sand. This method is very suitable for full self-defense adventure, explorers can not have tents to reduce weight.
Third, deal with emergency situations
1. Finding water sources In the desert, heat and drought are the biggest killers for the explorers, and desert victims are mostly caused by water shortages. If you lose your way in the desert, you must ensure that there is enough clean water to drink before you get out of your predicament, otherwise your hope for survival will be slim. In the desert, there is no water on the surface, and it is difficult to dig up water in most areas. But most deserts are basins and there are many seasonal rivers inside.
If lush reeds are found in the desert, it means that water can be dug up to a depth of more than one meter. If we see rushes of grass, water can be dug about two meters underground; if we see tamarisk and camels Thorn means that we have groundwater for 6 to 8 meters. If we find a forest of poplar, it means that there is groundwater at a depth of 8 to 10 meters. In the winter of 1990, when the Japanese NHK Broadcasting Company expedition team crossed the Taklimakan Desert from the riverside of the Kelja River, this method was used to solve the drinking problem of the nearly 100-foot camel. They walked for 28 days, digging up water on their way, digging a 15 meter long, 5 meter deep ditch, carrying the camels down to drink water, and successfully crossing more than 300 kilometers of desert without any backing. Arrive at the bank of the Tarim River on the northern edge of the desert.
In addition, if wet sand or bitter water is found in the desert, it is also possible to dig a pit and cover it with a transparent plastic cloth, thus creating a simple solar distiller. The air and soil in the pit heat up quickly, producing steam. When the water vapor reaches saturation, it will condense into water droplets on the inner surface of the plastic cloth and drip into the containers below, so that we can obtain valuable water. In this way, one litre of distilled fresh water can be taken every day. It is worth mentioning that most of the underground water in the desert contains high salinity, which cannot be directly consumed by humans (the camel can be used for drinking) and must be treated by distillation.
2. The movement of sandstorms and sandstorms has its own inherent laws of motion. If sandstorms are encountered in the desert, the first thing to do is to choose the direction of escape by visual observation. As long as you avoid the wind's front, most of them can take risks. At the same time, do not evade the leeward slope of the dunes, otherwise there is a danger of being buried by sandstorms. The correct approach is to bring the camel to the windward slope, and then hide behind the camel.
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